What process helps to ensure water is free from harmful microorganisms?

The process of disinfection is pivotal in ensuring that water is free from harmful microorganisms. Disinfection involves the application of various methods and agents to kill or inactivate pathogens that can cause disease. Common disinfection methods include the use of chemicals like chlorine, ultraviolet (UV) light, and ozone.

Disinfection not only targets bacteria but also viruses and protozoa that can be present in the water supply. By effectively reducing the presence of these harmful microorganisms, disinfection plays a crucial role in safeguarding public health and making water safe for human consumption and use.

While filtration, boiling, and chlorination can also play significant roles in water treatment, the term "disinfection" specifically refers to the process aimed explicitly at addressing biological contaminants. Filtration primarily removes particulate matter; boiling can eliminate pathogens but is not practical for large-scale treatment; and chlorination is a specific method of disinfection using chlorine. Therefore, the broad term "disinfection" encompasses these methods and directly relates to the intended purpose of ensuring water safety by killing harmful microorganisms.